3.2 Halyna Pahutiak’s “Ukradene misto”

Dariya Khokhel

 

Halyna Pahutiak is a renowned contemporary Ukrainian writer. She is the author of nineteen novels, novellas, and books of essays. In 2010, she received the Shevchenko National Prize in the category “Literature (fiction)” for her novel Servant from Dobromyl. Organic mixtures of national folklore, myth-creation, philosophy, and symbolism are the central traits of Pahutiak’s style. During the 1980s and 1990s, her work was hermetic in nature (Artiukh 6) — she did not participate in any literary unions, was detached from the readers, and imbibed very little external influence. Since the early 2000s, this containment gradually loosened and she started interacting with fantasy and magical realist traditions more freely, though she still is a remarkably reclusive author. The axiology and worldview inherent in her stories’ universes are no less important than the characters, plot, and suspense (Goloborodko 118). Pahutiak has been interested in philosophy since high school and states that it is a source of solace (Veremko-Berezna). As the short story translated below, “Ukradene misto (‘The Stolen Town’)” (2013) demonstrates, Pahutiak’s highly symbolic writing builds upon this philosophical backbone, which provides the framework for the fine balance of the multiple realities that coexist in her fiction.

 

Pahutiak’s place in Ukrainian prose is unique — literary critics have tried to categorize her works into various contemporary trends: feminine prose (Kachak), subjective prose, or intellectual prose (Kozachiuk). However, her novels and short stories resist easy classification in any of these genres. The most suitable category for Pahutiak’s latest novels is fantasy, a relatively inclusive genre. The fantasy genre first appeared in Ukrainian literature only in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries and is still striving to gain recognition. There are considerable difficulties involved in raising the profile of the fantasy genre in Ukrainian literature. Most notably, there are very few Ukrainian translations of fantasy and hence a dearth of opportunities for Ukrainian authors to access classical works and tropes in the genre. Few writers take the risk of writing fantasy, as it is not widely published (runs for fantasy texts generally range between five hundred and five thousand copies). The “national traits” of Ukrainian fantasy (Leonenko, 97) are in the process of being formed in Pahutiak’s latest novels, Sluga z Dobromilya (Servant from Dobromyl, 2006), Uriz’ka gityka (Urizka Gothic, 2010), and Zacharovani muzikanty (Enchanted Musicians, 2010). Pahutiak is one of the first representative of the genre to gain recognition in Ukraine. Her novels combine a deep pondering on Western Ukrainian mythology, the Ukrainian classical literary tradition, and hidden polemic in Ukraine against both European and Eastern philosophy, with an exploration of the aesthetics of the fantasy genre. They blend myth with history and create integrated universes.

 

Pahutiak comments on her choice of genre as follows: “I am one of those people who prefer exiting through the window, or the fireplace, but not through the door. All these fantastic plots are means to expand the mind” (Panchenko n.pag.). Pahutiak incorporates Ukrainian folk demonology and mysticism into her fictional universes, her style is concise, rhythmic, and highly symbolic. There is a powerful intertextual dynamic between her texts (Bila). For example, the image of the black storm reappears in Sluga z Dobromilya (Servant from Dobromyl), Uriz’ka gityka (Urizka Gothic), and the short story “Ukradene misto” (“The Stolen Town”). The storm’s intimation of foreboding and pending dramatic change is elaborated upon in Sluga z Dobromilya (Servant from Dobromyl):

It was unknown where the storm had come from, either from the West or from the East, but in any case it was the sign that sinister times awaited all of us. The dusty wind tore branches off the trees, hats off the heads, and ravens off the roofs. The sky darkened and became dark-grey dotted with black. (Sluga z Dobromilya 241)

Pahutiak’s essays and short stories expand the boundaries of the chimerical prose movement and fantasy tradition in contemporary Ukrainian literature. Her work mixes Western and Eastern traditions in a manner that is characteristic of Ukrainian culture. Surprisingly, only an excerpt from Servant from Dobromyl (“The Minion From Dobromyl or The Vampire’s Son”) and one of Pahutiak’s short stories, called “To Find Yourself in a Garden” (Hogan 267-72), have been translated into English. Some of Pahutiak’s work is published online in Ukrainian, yet these few English translations are only available in print. This translation of “The Stolen Town” is published in a more accessible medium, which is particularly important since it allows for greater dissemination of her work and connects with her other online publications. In the short story “The Stolen Town,” the author dwells on problems that are crucial to her prose: home, remembrance, destiny, and the search for the meaning of life. In this short story, which reveals the peculiarities of her style, Pahutiak creates a whole universe, ruins it, and questions its boundaries.

 

Ukradene Misto

Того дня у міській ратуші зібрався увесь магістрат. День був спекотний, дощ не навідував їхнє місто уже місяць і всі шість криниць майже пересохли. У них завше був вологий клімат, земля довкола добре тримала вологу, та й запасів харчів мало вистачити надовго. Наскільки довго – ніхто не підраховував: вони усі на чолі з паном бургомістром не думали про далеке майбутнє. Наразі йшлося про воду.

 

— Я хочу спочатку вислухати ваші пропозиції, — мовив бургомістр. – Самі розумієте, ми можемо втратити наше місто, якщо підемо звідси. Чи по землі, а чи…

Радці й лавники здригнулися й подивились у вікна, які хоч і були засклені різнокольоровим шклами, але за ними вгадувалась порожнеча неба. Їх з дитинства навчали, що Всесвіт складається з Порожнечі й Чогось, і ніхто з тих, хто був наділений розумом, не хотів би втратити Щось і опинитись у Порожнечі. Вони — були Чимось і місто, збудоване ними, теж було Чимось, як вода, земля, і хмари, які вперто не з’являлись. Зло і добро теж були чимось, і всі людські почуття, котрі виписались на їхніх обличчях.

— Потрібно виставити стражу коло кожної криниці, — сказав суддя, — і видавати воду по списках.

— У мене немає стільки людей, — заперечив начальник стражі. — Ми охороняємо місто з півдня, півночі, заходу й сходу, пильнуємо склади, та й зараз особливо потрібно стежити, щоб не виникла пожежа.

— Гадаю, ми знайдемо людей, але про це потім. Ще які у кого будуть думки?

— Вино. У нас є великі запаси вина.

Виноторговці здригнулися. А решта уявили собі п’яний хаос і здригнулися також.

— Хіба ви не знаєте, — мовив головний бібліотекар, — що під землею течуть у тиші й темряві ріки, здатні напоїти тисячі міст і оросити тисячі полів. Якщо ми поглибимо наші криниці…

— Але тоді води стане забагато і нас заллє! — почулись перелякані голоси.

— Місто, поблизу якого нема ріки, завжди страждатиме від посухи. Треба було про це думати раніше, коли засновували його й висушили отой єдиний потік, що плинув на тому, де зараз костел.

— Господь пошле нам воду, треба тільки достукатись до нього, — запевнив священик. — Я відслужу молебень, щоб Він послав нам дощ.

 

Місто було оточене мурами з золотистого каменю, які прорізали чотири брами, що зачинялись на ніч. А в центрі його стояла ратуша з годинником, що відлічував час життя міста. Ратуша стояла на площі, де двічі на тиждень проводили більші торги. А щодня крім неділі — маленькі. Ринкову площу оточували триповерхові будинки і була вона кругла. Далі колом йшли двоповерхові будівлі, а потім одноповерхові. А костел стояв у другому колі, бо його все одно було видно звідусіль. Він був збудований у готичному стилі, тому шпилі зникали в Порожнечі. Ніхто не знав, де перебував Бог. Жодну з версій досі не визнали канонічною. Серед них була навіть така неймовірна, що Бог — це і є Порожнеча, яка розчиняє у собі Щось.

 

Криниці трохи вдалося поглибити, де це можливо, і через два тижні всі прокинулись пізніше ніж зазвичай. Бо надворі довго не розвиднялось: небо вкрилось хмарами. А потім знявся вітер і почалась чорна буря. Якби місто стояло на пагорбі, його б рознесло на друзки, а так лише зрізало шпиль костелу, верхівку вежі з годинником на ратуші, і пошкоджено мури. Далі почалась небесна битва, яка супроводжувалась блискавицями і громом, і врешті линули потоки води, які наповнили всі ринви, рівчаки і вибоїни міста, а також підземні ріки, бо вся зайва волога зберігається глибоко під землею в тиші і спокої.

 

Мешканці міста ожили, помолоділи й стали чистішими й ошатнішими. Вони тепер не ховались від сонця, а підставляли йому обличчя, виходили на балкони, дарували одне одному подарунки. Це було суцільне свято з вуличними співами і піснями. Їжі — вдосталь, води — вдосталь, і щастя тривало довго-довго. Не хотілось латати мури й будувати новий шпиль у костелі, і лагодити годинник, що зупинив час. Усі відчували, що порожнечі стає більше, але думали, що небо після цієї неймовірної зливи стало прозорішим. Усі дрібні часточки Чогось розчинились у Порожнечі, яку направду неможливо відділити від Чогось. Не існує такого сита. Може, у Бога воно є, а може сам Бог є тим ситом…

 

Та одного дня люди почали зникати з міста, просто на очах. Несподівано в небі з’являлись величезні сірі птахи й сідали на дахи, а потім хапали мешканців і відлітали знову в небо. Це було страшно. Ніхто не смів опиратися цій силі. Дехто ховався, але думка про те, що Порожнеча колись розчинить нас у собі, і що час цей настав, а також цікавість до того, що може бути потім, змушувала покидати сховки. А деякі, найвідважніші, а такі є в кожному гурті людей, покинули мури, і вже мріяли про відродження міста в іншому місці, можливо, десь на березі великої ріки чи навіть моря.

 

Місто остаточно спорожніло і птахи покинули його, бо наближалась зима. Місто, з якого вкрали усіх людей і тепер вони перебувають в іншій реальності, яка теж колись перейде в Ніщо, тобто Порожнечу, — це і є украдене місто, після якого все непотрібне залишиться помирати.


Мені буде снитися це місто, що до весни перетліє і стане сірим пилом чи попелом, частиною землі. Але чи буду я снитись бодай одному соняшнику — невідомо. Хіба щось зроблю для нього, щоб продовжити життя місту: полию надвечір, і напну над ним сітку від птахів-викрадачів.

 

The Stolen Town

 

That day, the whole magistrate court gathered in the town hall. It was a hot day; rain had not visited the town for a month and all six of the wells were nearly dry. The town always had a humid climate, the earth around was moist; their food supply should have lasted a long while. No one estimated how long a while actually was; none of them — the burgomaster included — thought about the distant future. Water was the current issue.

“I want to listen to your suggestions first,” said the burgomaster. “It is understood here that we can lose our town if we leave. Whether on foot or…”

 

Visibly flinching, the councillors and assessors peered out the windows; though paned with stained glass they left the emptiness of the sky discernible. Each was taught at his mother’s knees that the Universe consisted of Emptiness and Something, and no one sane would want to lose Something to find themselves in Emptiness. They were Something, and the town they had built was Something, as was water, earth, and clouds — clouds that stubbornly would not appear. Evil and good were Something, as well as all the human feelings written all over each man’s face.

 

“We should set up guard at every well,” the judge said, “and distribute water by the list.”

“I do not have enough men,” the commander of the town-watch objected. “We are already standing sentinel at the South, North, West, and East boundaries of the town, guarding the stores and watching for smoke. It is extremely important to keep watch for fires these days.”

“I guess, we will get men, but we will discuss it later. What other suggestions do we have?”

“Wine. We have heavy stocks of wine.”

 

The wine merchants flinched. The others imagined the drunken chaos and flinched too.

 

“Don’t you know,” the chief librarian said, “that underground rivers capable of providing water for thousands of towns and drenching thousands of fields flow in the silence and darkness? If we only deepened our wells—”

“But then there will be too much water and we’ll be flooded!” scared voices resounded.

“A town with no river nearby will always suffer from droughts. This should have been thought of earlier, when the town was founded and again when the only stream was blocked, the one that ran where the cathedral was erected.”

“God will bring us water, only we must reach Him,” the priest assured. “I will hold a service so that He will bring us rain.”

 

A wall of golden stones, slashed with four gates that closed every night, surrounded the town. The town hall, with its attached tower clock that ticked away the time of the town’s life, stood as the very centre. Radiating out from the town hall was the square, where a big market gathered twice a week and a smaller one daily, except for Sunday. The market square was round and along its circumference rows of houses spread outward, falling away into three-storey, two-storey and one-storey buildings. The cathedral stood in the middle of a second circle of houses visible from far and wide. It had been built in the Gothic style, so its spires disappeared into Emptiness. No one knew where God resided; no theory was consecrated. There was even the inconceivable hypothesis that God was the Emptiness that dissolves the Something.

 

The wells were successfully deepened where possible. Two weeks later everyone woke later than usual. The dawn would not come for a long time — the sky was covered with clouds. Then the wind rose and the black storm broke. If the town had stood on a hill it would have been blown apart. As it was, only the cathedral spire and the top of the clock tower broke off and the walls around the town were damaged. Then the celestial battle began, complete with lightning and thunder, and at last the torrents of water gushed, filling all the rain-pipes, ditches, crevices of the town and the underground rivers, because all the excessive moisture ends up deep underground in peace and quiet.

 

The town’s people revived, grew younger, cleaner and more elegant. They did not hide but exposed their faces to the sun, went out to their balconies, gave each other presents. There was a continuous celebration with street music and songs. Food was plentiful, water was plentiful, and this happiness lasted for a long, long time. They did not want to mend the walls, or build a new spire, or repair the clock that had stopped time. Everyone felt that Emptiness expanded, but they preferred to think that the sky just became clearer after this incredible storm. All the tiny particles of Something were dissolving into Emptiness which really cannot be separated from Something. There is no such sieve. Maybe God has one, or maybe God himself is that sieve.

 

But then one day people started disappearing unexpectedly. Enormous grey birds appeared in the sky; they settled on roofs and snatched the inhabitants up into the sky. The whole ordeal was terrifying. No one dared resist this force. Some of them hid, but the thought that they would once dissolve into Emptiness and that the time for it had come mixed with the interest in what could come next made them leave their hiding places. Even some — the bravest ones (and there are some in every community) — left the walls behind, already dreaming about the town’s revival in another place, probably somewhere on the banks of a big river or on the sea shore.

 

The town became absolutely emptied, and the birds left it too as winter was on its way. The town with all of its inhabitants stolen from it (and now they are in a different reality that will also one day descend into Emptiness) is the stolen town, where all its irrelevant vestiges have been left to die.

 

I will dream of this town that will decay and become grey dust or ashes, part of the earth by spring. But I do not know if even a single sun-flower will dream of me. Unless I do something for it to prolong the life of the town: water it in the evening and pitch over it a net to ward off the bird-abductors.

 

Works Cited

 

Artyukh, Aliena.  Proza Halyny Pahutiak: germetichnist’ jak dominanta indyvidualnogo stul’u [Halyna Pahutiak’s Prose: Hermeticism as a Dominant of Individual Author’s Style]. Kyiv: n.p., 2009. Print.

Bila, Iryna. Metaroman Halyny Pahutiak: Tekst i Kontekst [Metanovel of G. Pahutjak: Text and Context]. Dnipropetrovsk: n.p., 2011. Print.

Goloborodko, Jaroslav. Elizium. Inkorporacija stratagem [Elysium: Incorporation of Stratagems]. Kharkiv: Folio, 2009. Print.

Hogan, Ed, and Askold Melnyczuk. From Three Worlds: New Ukrainian Writing. Boston, MA: Zephyr, 1996. Print.

Leonenko, Oleksandra. “Natsionalniy variant zanru fentezi (na materiali romanu ‘Smitnyk Gospoda nashogo’) [The National Variant of Fantasy Genre in Halyna Pahutiak’s Prose (Based on the Novel ‘Our Lord’s Laystall’)].” Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University  Herald 5.192 (2010): 97-103.

Kachak, Tetiana. Khudozni Osoblivosti Zinocoi Prozy 80-90-kh Rokiv XX Stolittia [Art Distinctions of the Feminine Prose of the 20th Century Eighties and Nineties]. Kirovograd: n.p., 2006. Print.

Kozachiuk, Nina. Poetyka Ukrainskoi Intelektualnoi Prozi 1960-90 Rokiv [Poetics of the Ukrainian Intellectual Prose of the 1960-1990s]. Ivano-Frankivsk: n.p, 2008. Print.

Pahutiak, Halyna. Sluga z Dobromilya [Servant from Dobromyl]. Kyiv: Duliby, 2010. Print.

---. “The Minion From Dobromyl or The Vampire's Son.” Trans. Michael M. Naydan. Metamorphoses 20.1 (Spring 2012): 218-37.

Pahutiak, Halyna. “Ukradene misto [The Stolen Town].” Halyna Pahutiak’s Official Website.

n.p. 18 February 2013. Web. 3 March 2013.

Panchenko, Volodymyr. “Halyna Pahutiak: «Ja z tyh lyudey yakym bilshe podobayetsya vyhodyty cherez vikno» [Halyna Pahutiak: ‘I am one of those people, who prefer exiting through the window…’].” LitAkcent Mag. n.p. 19 May 2008. Web. 17 January 2013.

Polishiuk, Olena. Khudozniy Dialog Avtora I Personaza v Novitniy Ukrainskiy Prozi (90-ti Roky XX st.) [The Art Dialogue of the Author and Personage in the Newest Ukrainian Prose (the 1990s)]. Kyiv: n.p., 2004. Print.

Veremko-Berezna, Juliya. “Halyna Pahutiak: ‘Ludy Prykhodiat I Vidhodiat, a Chary Zalyshajut’sia’ [Halyna Pahutiak: ‘People Come and Go, but the Magic Remains’].” Expedition XXI Mag 1.103 (2011): n. pag. 

 

Bio

 

Dariya Khokhel holds two Bachelor’s degrees and one Master’s from Ivan Ohienko Kamianets-Podilsky National University, Ukraine. Her undergraduate degrees are in Education (Foreign Languages and Literature) and History, and her Master of Education was completed in 2010. She is currently pursuing a PhD in Comparative Literature. Her research interests are poetics of fantasy texts and this genre's functioning in contemporary English and Ukrainian literatures

 


 
 

Inquire: Journal of Comparative Literature

Brought to you by Graduate Students from the Program in Comparative Literature
at the University of Alberta

ISSN 1923-5879
Email: inquire [at] ualberta.ca

Join the Discussion

LinkedIn